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關(guān)于慢性腎病

腎臟是身體中最繁忙的器官之一，其中100萬(wàn)個(gè)微小過(guò)濾器（稱為腎單元）共同過(guò)濾血液，將廢物和多余液體轉(zhuǎn)化為尿液。1腎功能在比較緩慢的過(guò)程中進(jìn)行性喪失被稱為慢性腎?。–KD）。2? ?

CKD在全球各地都非常流行，影響著全球約8.5億人，占總?cè)丝诘?0%以上3,4。由于CKD在疾病晚期之前大多是無(wú)癥狀的，因此大多數(shù)患者未被診斷，每年有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人過(guò)早死于CKD及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥3。

CKD的病因是什么？? ?

CKD可能發(fā)生在任何年齡段，但是某些人群的患病可能性更高。5約三分之一的CKD病例是由糖尿病和肥胖等代謝性疾病造成，但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高的人群還包括有CKD家族史或高齡人群。6,7,8

CKD有哪些癥狀？9

大多數(shù)病例無(wú)癥狀，但隨著腎臟損害的加重，癥狀可能包括：

  • 疲勞
  • 腳踝、腳或手腫脹
  • 呼吸短促
  • 感覺(jué)難受
  • 血尿
  • 皮膚瘙癢

如何診斷CKD？

血液檢查使用一種稱為腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率估計(jì)值（eGFR）的指標(biāo)檢查腎臟濾過(guò)血液的速度。
尿液檢查用于檢查尿液中的白蛋白和肌酐，稱為白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）。
高血壓、糖尿病和心血管疾病患者人群罹患CKD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)指南建議對(duì)這些人群進(jìn)行篩查。10

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參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Your Kidneys and How They Work. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20remove%20wastes%20and,and%20potassium%E2%80%94in%20your%20blood. Last accessed: October 2022.
[2] Leon BM, Maddox TM. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(13):1246–58.
[3] Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet. 2017;390:1888-917.
[4] Coresh J. Update on the Burden of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(4):1020–1022.
[5] National Kidney Foundation. Chronic kidney disease. Available at: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease. Last accessed: October 2022.
[6] Yim HE, Yoo KH. Obesity and chronic kidney disease: prevalence, mechanism, and management. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):511-518.
[7] Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet. 2017;390:1888-917.
[8] Wang V, et al. LE. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36(4):319-30
[9] NHS: Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/. Last accessed: October 2022.
[10] NHS: Chronic Kidney Disease. Diagnosis. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/diagnosis/. Last accessed: October 2022.
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慢性腎病